# Ruler/fa

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## Monarch power

When generated (by event or by random chance), rulers/heirs have their monarch power set.

The formula for this is simple$random(0-3) + random(0-3)$.

For lucky nations, the formula is$random(0-3) + random(0-3) + random(0-1)$. (This can equal 7, but will in that case get reduced to 6)

For generation of regencies, the formula is $$random(0-3) + random(0-3) - 1$$, with lucky nations not getting the "-1" modifier.

Point Probability Regular Nations/Lucky Regencies Regencies Lucky Nations
0 1/16 (2/32) 3/16 (6/32) 1/32
1 1/8 (4/32) 3/16 (6/32) 3/32
2 3/16 (6/32) 1/4 (8/32) 5/32
3 1/4 (8/32) 3/16 (6/32) 7/32
4 3/16 (6/32) 1/8 (4/32) 7/32
5 1/8 (4/32) 1/16 (2/32) 5/32
6 1/16 (2/32) 0 1/8 (4/32)
Exp. Val. 3.00 2.06 3.47
Std. Dev. 1.58 1.48 1.60

The Prussian monarchy guarantees an extra +3 monarch military power per ruler for future rulers, the Mamluk government guarantees an extra +2 monarch administrative power per ruler for future rulers, and, with the Mandate of Heaven DLC enabled, the final reform of the emperor of China guarantees +1 monarch administrative power per ruler for future rulers.

Pirate Kings

With the Pirate King reform the best admiral become the Ruler, the skill of the ruler depend on the Fire, Shock and Maneuver pips in particular the formula is $$\left\lfloor\frac{(random(0-3) + random(0-3))\cdot(9 + Fire + Shock + Maneuver)}{18}\right\rfloor$$

Sum Pips Exp. Val. Std. Dev.
0 1.75 0.82
1 1.75 0.82
2 1.81 0.94
3 2.00 1.06
4 2.12 1.21
5 2.37 1.21
6 2.62 1.21
7 2.81 1.33
8 3.00 1.58
9 3.00 1.58
10 3.00 1.58
11 3.12 1.76
12 3.31 1.89
13 3.56 1.90
14 3.75 1.78
15 3.75 1.78
16 3.93 1.95
17 3.93 1.95
18 4.31 1.82

## Personalities

A ruler developed a trait.
Main article: Personalities

Rulers of AI nations will have personalities that determine how they act. The particular personality assigned to each ruler is strongly correlated with the category of their highest skill, with administrative, diplomatic, and military skill leading to administrator, diplomat, and militaristic personalities respectively. Knowledge of this can help players predict the personality of an upcoming heir.

With the Rights of Man expansion, every single ruler/heir have traits that develop over time. These personalities grant a modifier for the nation as well as changes to the AI's actions. All personalities unlock new options in some events, as well as have events of their own.

## Monarchy

Monarchs (rulers of countries with a monarchy government type) rule until death, and have an heir to succeed them and inherit the throne. The system is nearly identical to EU3's system of monarchs, heirs and dynasties.

### Dynasty

A dynasty is acquired through:

• Pretender rebels
• Events

Most countries at game start, in 1444 or in other bookmarks, already have a dynasty. There are some exceptions to this, notably Poland in 1444 which is in the special situation of interregnum.

Dynasties, especially those initially found in powerful countries, can be shared by several countries. A shared dynasty grants a +25 bilateral bonus to relations with all countries with which the dynasty is shared.

Spreading your dynasty involves first and foremost royal marriages, prestige and several other parameters, which, as of now, can only be guessed through in-game empirical evidence.

#### Succession and Inheritance

A shared dynasty is one of the requirements for the claim throne mechanic, which is an important part of the succession war and inheritance mechanics.

For the most complete guide regarding these mechanics, please refer to the following forum post on the official EU4 forums, summarized on this wiki on the Personal union page.

### Royal marriage

For the diplomatic effects of royal marriage between countries, see Diplomacy#Royal marriage
For the mechanics of personal unions formation, see Personal union
Entering a royal marriage with another nation.

Countries ruled by monarchs may arrange royal marriages with others.

A royal marriage is one of the requirements for the claim throne mechanic, while being an important part of the succession war and inheritance mechanics.

Each royal marriage gives 0.1 legitimacy per year, but entering into a marriage with a nation with lower prestige causes an immediate drop of 1-5 legitimacy.

#### Consort

A royal marriage has a chance to produce a consort to the nation's ruler (queen-consort for male rulers or prince-consort for female rulers). The consort will belong to the other nation's dynasty. There is also a chance of getting a consort of a local minor noble dynasty if the nation gains an heir without a consort present. Having a consort will give a slight relations boost with the nation of origin.

The consort will take the role of the de facto ruler in a time of regency - thus lifting the restrictions placed by the regency rule - until the designated heir comes of age. It is possible for the consort to remain in power after the heir becomes old enough through events or in case of death.

### Heir

A monarch has an heir, who may represent a son, daughter, cousin or other relative. In a monarchy, an heir has an associated claim strength (from weak to strong), which determines their starting legitimacy upon succeeding the throne. Heirs come of ruling age at 15, a regency will otherwise rule until they come of age.

In cases where no heir exists, the mention "No Legal Heir" will stand instead of the heir's name, age and claim strength. If at ruler's death, there is still no heir, the country may:

• Be at the receiving end of a dynasty spread from another country it has a royal marriage with
• Become the junior partner of a personal union
• Face a succession war at the issue of which it becomes the junior partner of a personal union with the winning country.
• Get a new ruler from the deceased monarch's dynasty
• Get a new ruler from a randomly-chosen dynasty among the ones figuring in the game files for the country ("A XYZ noble will accede to the throne")
• Be inherited directly (See inheritance)

The determination of which scenario is to happen rests on several factors, such as, among others, royal marriages, dynasty, rivals, prestige, legitimacy, military strength and total development.

#### Heir chance

The following modifiers increases the likelihood of a new heir appearing, where a monarchy lacks one:

Ideas and policies:

+50%
• Ando idea 7: Adoption System
• Assamese idea 1: The Buranjis
• Ethiopian idea 2: Negusa Negast
• Georgian idea 1: Bagrationi Dynasty
• Hatakeyama idea 3: Mount Koya
• Interlacustrine idea 3: No Illegitimate Children
• Jurchen idea 5: Wives and Concubines
• Kongo idea 2: Election of Manikongos
• Odoyev idea 4: Safeguard Agnatic Seniority
• Saxon idea 1: Albertine and Ernestine lines
• Theodorian idea 2: Komnenoi, Paleologoi and Gavras
• Thüringian idea 5: The Saxon Duchies
• Austrian ambition
+33%
• Castilian idea 5: Infantas

Further modifiers:

 +100% with Sunni, Shiite or Ibadi religion as state religion. +50% with a ruler which has the ‘Fertile’ personality. +33% for trading in dyes. +5% for each royal marriage. +25% as lucky nation (only AI controlled countries).

Some events may also increase or decrease heir chance

#### Heir claim

Heir claim represents the legitimacy of the heir to the throne in the eyes of the people, and is a number ranging from 0–100 that is assigned when an heir is generated. Upon ascending to the throne, a ruler's legitimacy will be set to the value of their heir claim. In game, heir claim will be shown only as Strong, Average, or Weak, which gives a rough idea of the value. Having a lower heir claim (Average or Weak) gives a higher chance of pretender rebels arising.

The formula for heir chance appears to be random, but weighted to give higher values, making the majority of heirs have a Strong claim.

Heir claim is normally fixed at heir generation and cannot be changed manually. The only method currently in the game is by taking the "Support Ruling Dynasty" parliamentary debate, which increases the heir claim by +10. There are also two events for , and one from the Art of War DLC that can change the heir claim.

#### Disinherit

A country may disinherit an heir if so is wished, at a cost of -50 prestige. After this action is done the country won't have any legal heir, and will be at risk of falling under a Personal Union, just like any other country without a legal heir (It is not possible to "return" to the disinherited heir).

#### Regency

A country whose ruler is a child (usually because he or she was still a child when the previous ruler died) will be ruled by a regency council, using its skills instead of the ruler's, until the ruler comes of age at 15 years.[1] While in regency, a country cannot declare war unless following the Nahuatl religion (but can still be called to war or be attacked). Additionally, while in regency, the country gets -2.00 legitimacy per year.[2]

If a consort is present, they will take the reigns over the nation until the designated heir comes of age, effectively lifting the restrictions of placed by the regency rule (requires Rights of Man DLC).

#### Interregnum

An interregnum is effectively anarchy; no leadership is in control of the country. This can happen when no heirs are available to a kingdom and its leader dies. It is rare even when a country has no dynasty or royal marriages, as a noble usually takes the throne, but it can occur. Interregnums generally do not last very long; a year is probably average, though they can last much longer. When the interregnum ends, a new leader will be chosen based on the same parameters as if the leader had just died, eg. a dynasty from a royal marriage, or a new dynasty from the nobility of the country.

Nearby kingdoms in interregnum can be easy to take advantage of. If the player arranges a royal marriage, the new king will likely be a part of the player's dynasty. They will also have no heir. An heirless dynasty with a royal marriage can be Claimed, giving a CB to form a Personal Union. Declaring war against a country one is married into causes stability loss, but this is a small price to pay. It is possible for this tactic to fail, as other nations could form royal marriages as well. A high prestige will ensure that one's dynasty prevails.

In 1444, and start this way due to their joint monarch having died without issue in the Battle of Varna, and also, because its lords did not recognize its previous ruler's posthumous son (Ladislaus the Posthumous) as legitimate. Hungary is scripted to get a specific dynasty (as Ladislaus gets accepted there, and he is a Habsburg), and Poland similarly gets a choice between a PU with or a local noble's dynasty. Bohemia does have possible events but there is still the possibility to get the player's dynasty. As such, nearby countries strong enough to take on Bohemia, such as , can get a big boost for the early years if they choose to do so.

### Abdication

It is possible for a ruler to abdicate the throne and allow the next in line to take over the throne and be the new ruler. Note that this will not avoid the stability hit that would occur if the ruler died and succession occurred normally.

• To be able to abdicate, the curent Ruler must have either:
• Ruled for a total of 20 years
• Or Be at least 60 years old
• Costs
• -20 Legitimacy or -20 Horde unity
• -50 Prestige

### Deaths

When a monarch dies, the country takes a -1 stability hit. When a monarch leads an army in a battle or a siege, this results in a -2 stability hit instead. Heirs that die either in battle or whilst sieging will result in a -1 stability hit, while dying while not leading any units will not result in any stability hit, although there are certain events that may fire when an heir dies that can cause a stability hit.

## Republic

In most republics, a group of people hold power over a country until the next election cycle, the length of which depending on the type of republic that is in control. In cases where there are no elections, rulers appear almost identically to those of a monarchy, though they lack a persistent dynasty. Republics do not have heirs, and have the associated republican tradition mechanic, rather than legitimacy. Republics are unable to obtain royal marriages, unless they are either a Noble Republic or a Dutch Republic.

### Election

Elections take place at different times for different types of republics. For Merchant, Oligarchic, Constitutional, and Revolutionary republics, as well as the unique Dutch Republic and Ambrosian Republic, the time between elections is 4 years. For Administrative republics the time is 5 years between elections, and Noble republics have 8 years between elections.

Elections will offer a panel of three rulers, each inclined towards one particular skill: Administrative, diplomatic, or military. The ruler will have a 4 skill in that particular one, and 1 in both the others. Re-elections can be done at the price of republican tradition to upgrade the ruler's skills and keep him for another term; he will thus gain 1 in every skill (6 being the maximum), along with a chance to gain 50 power in one category. The republican tradition cost for re-election is tied to the length of the election cycle: 2.5 republican tradition per year of ruling (e.g. a 4-year election cycle costs 10 republican tradition, an 8-year election cycle costs 20).

### Death

An election may be held at any time for these republics if the head of the republic dies, and a republican leader does not cause a stability loss on their death, except for deaths in combat or while leading a siege which causes a -1 stability hit.

## Theocracy

Theocracies are states ruled by a religious head, and are subject to the devotion mechanic in place of legitimacy. Theocracies are unable to obtain royal marriages with other nations, reducing their diplomatic abilities somewhat.

### Heir

Heirs of theocracies are chosen through an event, allowing players to choose from various bonuses and potential maluses. Theocratic heirs tend to be older, typically above 40 years, which means they usually do not rule for as long as monarchistic heirs. In this way, theocracies never have regency councils or interregnums, as they always have an heir, and their heirs are always old enough to lead. The monarch power stats of theocratic heirs are generated in the same way as regular monarchs, with a 3,3,3 heir being average and most likely to occur.

Unlike in monarchy, heir of theocracy can't be disinherited.

### Death

Theocratic leaders do not cause stability loss on their death, except for deaths in combat or while leading a siege which causes a -1 stability hit.

## Chance of death and life expectancy

Every day, a monarch or heir has a daily chance of death $$\frac{m \cdot a}{182500}$$ where $$m$$ is MONARCH_DEATH (4 if unmodded) for monarchs and HEIR_DEATH (1 if unmodded) for heirs and $$a$$ depends on the age bracket according to the following tables.

Note that the tables assume that the ruler is not a general, that heirs do not become monarchs (which shortens their life expectancy) and ignore special events that may kill a monarch or heir. a is different in the 31-40 age bracket between monarchs and heirs (possibly an oversight).

Monarch age a Chance of death within a year Chance of death within 10 years Average life expectancy at start of age bracket
0-10 1 0.80% 7.7% 50.4
11-20 1 0.80% 7.7% 54.6
21-30 1 0.80% 7.7% 57.8
31-40 1 0.80% 7.7% 60.4
41-50 2 1.6% 14.8% 62.5
51-60 4 3.2% 27.4% 65.4
61-70 10 7.7% 55.1% 69.0
71-80 50 33.0% 98.2% 73.5
81-90 300 91% ~100% 81.4
91- 1000 99.97% ~100% 91.1
Heir age a Chance of death within a year Chance of death within 10 years Average life expectancy at start of age bracket
0-10 1 0.20% 2.0% 68.2
11-20 1 0.20% 2.0% 69.7
21-30 1 0.20% 2.0% 70.6
31-40 2 0.40% 3.9% 71.7
41-50 2 0.40% 3.9% 73.1
51-60 4 0.80% 7.7% 74.2
61-70 10 2.0% 18.1% 75.7
71-80 50 9.5% 63.2% 77.9
81-90 300 45.2% 99.8% 82.7
91- 1000 86.5% ~100% 91.5

Monarchs and heirs who have been made into a military leader 5 or more years previous to the current date are also subject to the military leader death check as described for military leaders, resulting in increased chance to die, which is further increased if assigned to an army, and again increased if in a battle or siege.

Note that the life expectancy in general depends on both the age and the time passed since the monarch was turned into a military leader; these tables list values valid just after the button to turn a monarch or heir into a military leader is pressed.

Monarch age Average life expectancy when turned into a general at that age and assigned to an army
0 18.5
11 29.5
21 39.1
31 48.4
41 56.5
51 63.0
61 68.5
71 73.4
81 81.4
91 91.1
Heir age Average life expectancy when turned into a general at that age and assigned to an army
0 19.9
11 30.9
21 40.7
31 50.4
41 59.8
51 67.8
61 73.5
71 77.6
81 82.7
91 91.5